International Education and Research Journal (IERJ)

भारतीय भाषाएँ और हिन्दी

G. Kodanda Ramulu — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

भारतीय भाषाएँ और हिन्दी

RAMPUR'S PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE 1857 REBELLION IN ROHILKHAND

Dr. Mansoor Ahmad Siddiqui, Mr. Atree Tripathi — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

RAMPUR'S PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE 1857 REBELLION IN ROHILKHAND

A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF MARKETING AUTOMATION ADOPTION

Gaurav Gupta, Shashank Goel — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Marketing automation adoption refers to the process of implementing and using marketing automation technology to streamline, automate, and measure marketing tasks and workflows. It involves using software and tools to automate repetitive tasks, such as email marketing, lead generation, and social media management, to improve efficiency, productivity, and customer engagement.

Marketing automation adoption can bring numerous benefits, including increased efficiency, improved lead management, and enhanced personalization. However, it also presents challenges like initial investment, complexity, and data quality issues. To succeed, businesses must strike a balance between automation and human interaction, maintain high data quality, and continuously train teams on automation tools.

Here are some common marketing automation adoption challenges:

Data quality issues: Poor data quality can hinder automation effectiveness.
Integration challenges: Integrating automation platforms with existing systems and data.
Over-automation: Over-reliance on automation, leading to impersonal customer experiences.
Security concerns: Ensuring the security of customer data and protecting against cyber threats.
Change management: Managing the transition to automation and training teams.
Lack of clear goals and objectives: Unclear or undefined automation goals.
Insufficient resources: Inadequate budget, time, or personnel to support automation.
Complexity: Managing complex automation workflows and technologies.
Measuring ROI: Difficulty in measuring the return on investment (ROI) of automation.
Vendor selection: Choosing the right marketing automation vendor.
Scalability: Ensuring automation platforms can scale with business growth.
Data privacy: Ensuring compliance with data privacy regulations.
User adoption: Encouraging teams to adopt and use automation platforms.
Content quality: Ensuring high-quality content to support automation efforts.
Continuous optimization: Regularly reviewing and refining automation workflows.

Marketing automation adoption has increased in recent years. According to various studies and reports, the adoption of marketing automation technology has grown significantly across industries and companies of all sizes. Marketing automation adoption is on the rise, and we can expect even more widespread adoption in the future.

REPRESENTATION OF CANADIAN WOMEN IN ALICE MUNRO’S SELECT STORIES

Dr. Shagufta Naj — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The present paper attempts to serve the close relationship between the agency of gender and culture as mirrored in the fiction of Alice Munro, a Canadian short story writer and a Nobel Laureate of 2013. Through a brief discussion on the cultural construction of gender, the paper also elaborates the marginal positions of women because of the blind practice of gender discrimination. It also attempts to present the situation of the Canadian women who are bounded and tied to the shackles of a community which is conventional and traditional and have a different thinking for the women. This paper also portrays the suppressed role of women in patriarchal society—the practice of subordination of women to men—the women who face social, cultural and psychological predicament at different levels. All the select stories in this paper present the marginalization and subjugation of women in Canadian society.

INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGY IN ELEMENTARY EDUCATION: ENHANCING STUDENT ENGAGEMENT IN THE DIGITAL AGE

Dr. Lysette D. Cohen, Dr. Ashley McIntyre — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This paper explores integrating technology in elementary education to enhance student engagement and differentiated instruction. By leveraging digital tools such as tablets, laptops, and interactive software, educators can create dynamic and personalized learning environments that move beyond traditional methods. The study reviews various research findings, highlighting the benefits of technology in increasing student engagement, fostering flexible learning spaces, and promoting higher cognitive and interactive involvement. It also examines the role of technology in supporting differentiated instruction, enabling teachers to tailor their approaches to meet diverse student needs. Furthermore, the paper discusses the shift towards student-centered learning, emphasizing the importance of aligning curricula with digital resources to engage students actively in their learning process. Key strategies for designing digital-age learning experiences and assessments are presented, showcasing real-world applications that connect students with peers and experts globally. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for ongoing professional development for teachers to adapt to the evolving digital landscape, ultimately preparing students for the demands of the digital age.

A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON WORKING JOURNALISTS IN MANIPUR, INDIA

Dr. Khaidem Sunita Rani — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This article meticulously analyzes the status of working Journalists in Manipur. Manipur, however small it is, is the home of more than 33 listed scheduled tribes apart from the Meities, Meitei Pangals and 7 scheduled castes. Each community has distinct identity, dialect and culture for which everyone is struggling for due recognition of its identity within this tiny state. Reported cases of violations of human rights such as extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearance, torture and threats have become a part of daily news in Manipur. People of Manipur are the victim of parallel government.

This study is founded on primary and secondary data, with the primary data being collected through interviews.

राजस्थान के कृषकों की समस्याओं का अध्ययन

डॉ. श्रवणराज — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

राजस्थान, अपनी विविध कृषि भूमि के लिए प्रसिद्ध है। हालांकि, यहाँ के कृषक अनेक चुनौतियों का सामना कर रहे हैं जो उनकी जीविका और जीवन स्तर पर गंभीर प्रभाव डालती हैं। इस अध्ययन का उद्देश्य राजस्थान के कृषकों की प्रमुख समस्याओं का विश्लेषण करना और उनके निवारण के लिए संभावित समाधान प्रस्तुत करना है। राजस्थान में वर्षा की कमी एवं जल स्रोतों की सीमितता के कारण कृषकों को सिंचाई के लिए जल की भारी कमी का सामना करना पड़ता है। जल संचयन और प्रबंधन में असमर्थता से स्थिति और गंभीर हो जाती है। इस अध्ययन का उद्देश्य समस्याओं की पहचान और उनके समाधान के उपाय सुझाकर राजस्थान के कृषकों की स्थिति में सुधार लाना है, ताकि वे स्थायी और लाभकारी कृषि का अभ्यास कर सकें। अत्यधिक खेती एवं उचित मिट्टी प्रबंधन की कमी के कारण मिट्टी की उर्वरता में गिरावट आई है, जिससे फसल उत्पादन में कमी होती है।

THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON VACCINE HESITANCY: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

Samhitha Kolapalli — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This research paper contains information on the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and the rise in vaccine reluctance. To conduct this research, a variety of peer-reviewed journal articles and sources from highly reputable authors were used, and qualitative data was used to inform the analysis and discussion. Understanding this relationship is crucial for mitigating the spread of deadly diseases in the future. The research identifies three primary factors contributing to the rise in vaccine reluctance: (i) the rapid development of vaccines; (ii) concerns about side effects; and (iii) a lack of access. Insights from this study can help scientists, researchers, and doctors develop better strategies for vaccine deployment, ensuring a more positive public response.

ROLE OF INTERNET MARKETING IN PROMOTING SALES: AN ANALYSIS

Prof. (Dr.) Vibha Mathur — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Marketing in olden times meant only traditional marketing which involved the use of radio, television, newspapers, magazines, pamphlets etc. With the rapid growth in technology, the focus shifted from the traditional form to digital form. The newest medium of communication known as the internet was developed in 1969 in the US to facilitate a joint project between the US military and several research organizations. In 1971, network e-mail was invented, even though initially it was very slow but gradually gained momentum and was established for international connections in 1973. The official term ‘Internet’ was for the first time used in 1974 and the first online protocols were established in the 1980s. Early 1990s witnessed a tremendous growth in internet and Tim Berners- Lee who is known as the creator of the internet released the URL protocol, web browser, software and world wide web to the public. The firms took this invention to their advantage and used it to promote and facilitate their businesses across the globe. So traditional marketing became slowly a thing of the past and was replaced by digital marketing/E-marketing/ Internet marketing.

The objective of the study is to understand the concept of Internet Marketing and how it helps in boosting sales of a business firm.

ROLE OF GENDER ON THE PERCEPTION OF COLLEGE STUDENTS TOWARD SEMESTER SYSTEM

Dr. Rosy Lalrinsangi, Dr. David Rosangliana — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The present study intends to find out the viewpoint of college students on the different components of semester system in undergraduate colleges of Mizoram with reference to gender. For this, the investigators' perception scale for students was used to gather information. 823 college students were chosen as samples. It was revealed that male students had a more favourable perception than female students in the choice based credit system of semester system.

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AS A PREDICTOR OF SELF ACTUALIZATION-A REGRESSION ANALYSIS

Dr. Sheeja Thomas — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The present research was undertaken to find out the contribution of Emotional Intelligence in predicting self actualization.The sample for the study comprised of 100 secondary school teachers selected randomly from the various secondary schools situated in Durg,Bhilai and Raipur cities of Chhattisgarh..The schools for the study were also randomly selected.The tool used for the study were Emotional Intelligence scale (EIS) developed and standardised by the researcher and the self actualization inventory(SEAI)by Dr.K N Sharma.Simple Linear regression analysis results revealed that 30% of the variance in the dependent variable self actualization was explained by the independent variable Emotional Intelligence.

EXPERIMENT TO DETECT THE ABSOLUTE VELOCITY OF EARTH IN THE UNIVERSE

Dharam Vir Singh — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A number of experiments have been carried out to measure the velocity of earth in the space but absolute velocity of earth could not be detected. One of the most famous Michelson and Morley experiment was conducted in the year 1887 to detect the motion of earth with reference to luminiferous aether a supposed medium permeating space that was thought to be the carrier of light waves but unexpected results were obtained. The experiment has given negative results, MMX type experiments have been repeated so many times with steadily increasing sensitivity from 1902 to 1930 and more recently in the year 2009 by optical resonator but all the experiments confirmed the negative results of MMX. Albert Einstein submitted his special theory of relativity in the year 1905 and stated that there is no medium like aether for propagation of light waves and there is no absolute velocity in the universe, all the motions are relative. Relative velocity of earth has been measured by various methods and observations such as stellar parallax, position of stars and planets, satellite laser ranging, GPS and CMB radiation.

Second postulate of STR states that velocity of light is constant in all inertial frames of reference, there is no effect of motion of source of light or observer on the speed of light. As the velocity of light is a universal Constant hence any velocity with reference to speed of light will be absolute velocity. On the basis of second postulate of STR absolute velocity of earth in the universe can be determined by experiment based on the laser light beams. A laser beam may be directed on the fixed screen and movement of laser spot due to motion of earth may be observed. The displacement of laser spot with passage of time may be observed to determine the velocity of earth. In the present article it is explained how the velocity of earth may be detected by measuring displacement of laser spot. The displacement of laser spot from its normal position will determine the absolute velocity of earth in the universe.

DISINVESTMENT AND INDIA EFFECTS OF PRIVATIZATION ON ECONOMY AND SOCIETY

Dr. Anju Tiwari — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This paper is in context to the reason or conditions in which Government initiate as entrepreneur and the conditions those are liable for need of disinvestment of public industries. Also discuss the effect of Privatization on Economy and Society of India. For that i choose a production unit as well as service providing unit working under government.

Paper also show the various methods of Privatization and analysis what would be the better combination of methods, where privatization is needed

AN IMPACT ANALYSIS OF TOURISM AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN INDIA

Jambayya Nayak, Dr. S. V. Hanagodimath — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The tourism sector exerts a substantial and diverse influence on India's economic growth. Renowned for its rich cultural heritage, historical landmarks, and natural splendor, India has emerged as a favored destination for both domestic and international travelers, drawing millions annually. The study aims to highlight the following factors: per capita GDP, international tourist receipts, trade openness, and gross capital formation. The study employs the Heteroscedasticity Test, Normality Test, Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM Test, and CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) to examine the contribution of tourism to economic growth in India, comparing major countries from 2003 to 2020. The paper aims to provide an impact analysis of the relationship between economic growth and tourism in India, examining the multifaceted dimensions of this symbiotic relationship.

REBIRTH, NIRVANA AND NO-SOUL IN BUDDHISM:

Dr. Charu Das — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The whole teaching of Buddha is mainly dependent on the four noble truths. The doctrine of Dependent Origination, or Pratityasamutpada, which is the second noble truth of Buddhism, is of great importance. The doctrine of impermanence or the doctrine of pratityasamutpada is related to the concept of no-soul, rebirth, and Nirvana. Pratityasamutpada means that everything in the world is relative, conditional, dependent, and subject to birth and death, and it is, therefore, impermanent. Buddha gave importance only to how to remove suffering from our lives. Therefore, his main aim was to focus the attention of the common people on how they could come out of these sufferings. Human beings suffer in this world because of the lack of actual understanding of the everchanging nature of the world and its objects or ignorance. The doctrine of no-soul, rebirth, and Nirvana are all based on the doctrine of dependent origination or pratityasamutpada. Generally, we believe that the soul is a permanent substance, and it is not like a material body that changes continuously. But in this world, we have seen nothing permanent. Therefore, to accept the existence of a permanent self is nothing but an illusion for Buddha. Since everything is impermanent, there cannot be any permanent self, which is believed by the common people. For Buddha, we need to focus on the reasons for which we are suffering in this world and how we can come out of it. We should not give much importance to what always escapes from us. Since everything is relative and conditional, we cannot know the existence of anything as a permanent element. But if there is no permanent soul, how can rebirth be possible?

Rebirth is an important concept in the teachings of Buddhism. It is said in Buddhism that until one gets Nirvana, he has to take rebirth again and again. The circumstances into which one is reborn are dependent upon the karma performed in the previous life. In rebirth, the actions or karmas of a sentient being give rise to a new existence after death in an endless cycle called samsara. The endless death and rebirth stop only if Nirvana is achieved by insight. Though different schools of Buddhism have different views regarding rebirth, all the schools agree that rebirth depends upon the karma of the previous life. The critics of the Buddhist doctrine of rebirth say that if there is no soul, only a changing stream of mental energy, then there could be no identity, and to talk about rebirth for experiencing the results of good or bad actions done in the past would be meaningless. This is definitely the common question that arises in the minds of the common people. In the same way, the realization or attainment of Nirvana without a soul is also questionable from different perspectives. So, in my article, I would like to explain whether rebirth and Nirvana are possible without a soul. How does Buddhism explain it?

Buddhism does not deny the existence of the empirical soul, which is everchanging, but denies the existence of the permanent soul. His acceptance of the individual soul is clear from his declaration when he discussed the relation between the burden and the carrier: "he who holds that there is no soul is a man with false notions."¹ But here my question is, since rebirth will take place till the attainment of Nirvana, then after attaining Nirvana, what would be the status of the soul? In my article, I will try to explain it since the soul can attain Nirvana only when the person (or soul) has nothing to experience in the world (good or bad results). Will the soul be destroyed after attaining Nirvana? Or What?

If the soul(empirical) will change forever, and in every moment soul(mind) is a new one, without identity, how can it realize Nirvana?

So, generally, questions come to the minds of people that-

Did Buddha not really believe in any reality which is permanent?

Is there really nothing permanent that we can think about and discuss except impermanence, which is everchanging?

How far is it justifiable to accept the Buddha's suggestion that we need not discuss these problems like the existence of any permanent reality?

Is it that Buddha gave an incomplete explanation of the reality to his disciples? If it is, then why? But before giving the answers to these questions, we must remember that the Buddha's teaching is strategic. Because of which, many misunderstandings and misinterpretations come out due to the lack of understanding on the main teaching of the Buddha, on which he gave emphasis.

IMPACT OF FERRERO ROCHER & CADBURY LTD.’S BRANDING STRATEGIES ON THEIR SALES REVENUE DURING LOCKDOWN

Rhea Amte — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This research paper delves into the comparative analysis of the branding strategies employed by Ferrero Rocher and Cadbury Ltd. and their influence on sales revenue in the Indian confectionery market during the COVID-19 lockdown in 2021. The global pandemic brought unprecedented challenges to businesses across various industries, with the confectionery sector being no exception as the lockdown was marked by restricted mobility which played a role in altering consumer behaviour and a shift in purchasing patterns which truly challenged confectionery brands. This study seeks to understand how two of the market leaders of the industry, Ferrero Rocher and Cadbury, adapted their branding strategies to navigate these challenges and what impact these strategies had on their sales performance in India during the lockdown.

The research question guiding this study is: ‘To what extent do the different branding strategies of Ferrero Rocher and Cadbury influence their sales revenue in India during the lockdown in the confectionery industry?’

AN INVESTIGATION OF COLLEGE TEACHERS’ ATTITUDE TOWARDS RESEARCH IN NAGALAND

Nzanbemo Tungoe, Dr. Boyillapalli Venkata Rao — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Research plays a crucial role in advancing knowledge, addressing challenges, and promoting academic growth across various fields. Progress in every discipline relies heavily on thorough investigation and discovery. This study aims to investigate college teachers' views towards research, emphasizing on gender and locality of residence. It seeks to evaluate whether there are significant differences in mean scores of research attitudes over four dimensions determined by gender, as well as locality of residence. Using random sampling, the researcher surveyed 600 college teachers from 29 colleges in Nagaland. Data analysis employed statistical methods like mean, standard deviations and independent sample t-test. The tool for the study was the "Attitude towards Research" questionnaire developed by Vishal Sood and Prof. Y.K Sharma (2012), but revalidated by the researcher. The split-half reliability between odd and even items is 0.834, while the overall scale reliability is 0.91. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of 0.88 confirming high internal consistency. The findings provided insight into how these demographic variables influence teachers' participation in research activities.

SYNTHESIS STRUCTURAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM DOPED MAGNESIUM ZINC FERRITE

Sruthi P. — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Magnetic ceramics or ferrites are very well established group of magnetic materials which exhibits ferrimagnetism. It possess high electrical resistivity, low eddy current and dielectric loss which makes it superior than the other ordinary magnetic oxides that contain the ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃) as their basic magnetic compounds. The ceramic magnets are widely used in high frequency transformer application. [(Mg, Mn, F₁₂o₄)] spinels are used in square-loop application. Ceramic materials found application in nuclear physics. In nuclear reactors ceramics are used as core components. The studies include the preparation and analysis of Titanium doped Magnesium zinc ferrite. Here, Titanium doped magnesium zinc ferrite nanoparticles (NPS) were synthesized using solid state reaction method. Titanium doping can enhance the magnetic properties of magnesium zinc ferrite in several ways these can contribute to improved magnetic properties , such as increased magnetic moment, saturation magnetization, and magnetic ordering , making titanium – doped magnesium zinc ferrite a promising material for various applications including magnetic storage, sensors, and spintronics. According to the stoichiometric equation [Mg0.9Zn 0.1TixFe2-xO4] at different values of x, (x=0.1, 0.3) are synthesised. Calcination and sintering of the samples is made by high temperature PID controlled muffle furnace which can go up to 1000°C. The structural and magnetic properties are examined using XRD, FTIR and Curie temperature analysis. From the XRD analysis it revels the phase structure and lattice parameters of the samples. XRD analysis gives maximum intensity of (h k l) values as (3 1 1) in both cases. It also reveals that no secondary phases are produced during growth. That means the specimens FCC stacking. FTIR analysis of the samples done using Fourier transformer infrared spectroscopy. From this analysis it revels the detailed atomic structure and bonding of the samples. The bands obtained reveal spinal ferrite structure. Curie temperature of the specimens is determined by Curie temperature apparatus for the study of magnetic properties of the specimens.

APPLICATION OF THE QEC (QUICK EXPOSURE CHECK) ON THE ERGONOMIC RISKS ASSESSMENT IN THE INDUSTRIAL FIELD

Reetu Rani, Dr. Promila Chahal — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

One of ergonomic problems that often occur in the work place, relating to human strength and endurance while doing the job (biomechanics), is musculoskeletal or muscular strain. For the present study 5 respondents who were factory workers were selected and QEC scale was used for the assessment of the ergonomic risk factors of the respondents. These problems were often occurred by workers who did repetitive movements continuously. The observation of the activities performed by a worker, in order to identify the ergonomic risk factors, lasts between 30 and 60 minutes, this also depending on the complexity of the activity, the anthropometric data of the workers and their experience in performing these activities correctly. Therefore, the application of QEC methodology is not complicated at all, but it requires increased attention, good organization and a good understanding of ergonomic risk factors.

HOW DALITS AND MUSLIMS VOTED IN THE 2024 INDIAN LOK SABHA ELECTION

Sharang R. Mundhe — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

On 4th June 2024 results were declared for 18 Lok Sabha elections in India. Elections have always been highly celebrated in India. India’s varied diversity makes the Indian election very complex yet curious. In Indian elections religion, caste, ethnicity, topography, and languages play a very dominant role. The kind of extravaganza circus that takes place in India to hold and fight elections is nowhere seen in the world. In the 2024 Lok Sabha elections India witnessed swings in voting patterns, especially in the Dalit community. Along with this, Muslim representation decreased in the parliament with just 24 MPs (Member of Parliament). This paper is all about how and why Dalit community votes flocked towards the opposition parties and whether there was any strong consolidation of votes in Muslim confraternity.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF COST AND ECONOMIC RETURNS OF MAJOR CROPS IN SELECTED STATES OF INDIA FROM 2000-01 TO 2021-22

Dr. V. Mallika, Dr. D. Kandasami, Ms. J. Mageshwari — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Indian agriculture had reached the stage of development and maturity much before the now advanced countries of the world embarked on the path of progress. The share of agriculture in national income is often taken as an indicator of economic development. This study analysed and compared the cost and returns of principal crops in five major producing states of India like, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra and TamilNadu from 2000-01 to 2021-22. Data on the important variables like, cost of cultivation, production and yield of major crops like Paddy, Wheat, Maize and cotton.The study based on secondary information comprises from Agricultural statistics and Directorate of Economics and Statistics. For analysis of econometric technique like Simple linear regression model and Semi-log linear model were used in this study. The major objectives of the study are, to estimate the regression for cost of cultivation, production and yield of principal crops in selected states in India from 2000-01 to 2021-22 and to study the yield rates of principal crops in selected states of India during the study period. The major findings were derived the study are, the yield per hectare of all food grains has increased by more than two times in 2001 to 2017. The net return of paddy was Rs.10, 870 per hectare and the return of Wheat was Rs. 8614. 32 per hectare in 2017.The study of cost and return is a major economic analysis because the estimation of product cost is useful to decision making process at crop level and the profitability of the farmers, it can help in planning of future production.

IMPACT OF MICROFINANCE ON INCOME THROUGH SHGs IN MADURAI DISTRICT

Dr. S. Ananthaselvam — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the responsibility of microfinance institutions towards changes in the livelihood practices of the borrowers. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data were collected from the women Self Help Group members in Madurai District of Tamil Nadu by using interview schedules. Considering a total of 120 borrowers of Madurai, the impact of microfinance on their lives has been observed empirically by applying different statistical tools. In this study, impact of micro finance on income. For this the impact analysis of pre and post SHG members’ situation has been taken. This study contributes to the extant literature on microfinance by comparing pre-loan and post-loan phases and identified. Gini co-efficient of concentration ratio was used to measure the extent of inequalities in the distribution of income in the households of SHG members before and after joining SHGs. The upward shift in the Lorence curve towards the diagonal line for after joining SHGs, clearly shows that there is an improvement in the income inequality among the SHG members after joining SHGs. By considering the appropriate framework and approach, this study is explicable towards policymakers for designing further policies in this context and helps identify resources that need to flourish the current state in the future.

AESTHETIC ALCHEMY FOR UNVEILING THE TRANSFORMATIVE POWER OF ARTISTIC CHOICES IN POSTCOLONIAL TRAUMA NARRATIVES: EVALUATING THROUGH THE INTERPRETATIONS OF AMITAV GHOSH'S SELECTED NARRATIVES

Rezwan Ahmed — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A crucial role is played by aesthetics in shaping trauma narratives, impacting how individuals perceive, undergo, and process traumatic events. In this context, "aesthetics" encompasses the artistic or stylistic elements employed in storytelling across various mediums like literature, film, visual arts, and more. Aesthetic choices such as symbols and metaphors become potent tools for conveying intricate emotions and experiences linked with trauma, providing a layer of abstraction that facilitates a nuanced exploration of its psychological and emotional dimensions. Aesthetics also influence the structure of a trauma narrative, with elements like flashbacks, non-linear timelines, or fragmented storytelling mimicking the disjointed nature of traumatic memories, effectively conveying the disorientation experienced by those who have undergone trauma. In visual arts and cinema, the visual representation of trauma significantly influences its perception, employing stark imagery, visual metaphors, and symbolic elements to communicate the profound impact of trauma, transcending the limitations of language in capturing its depth. Aesthetic elements like soundtracks and musical scores contribute to the emotional tone, heightening tension, creating a sense of foreboding, and influencing the audience's engagement with the traumatic content. In literature, the choice of language and literary devices shapes the narrative style, impacting how trauma is portrayed. Vivid descriptions, metaphors, and unique linguistic styles evoke a visceral response, fostering a more intimate connection between readers and the trauma narrative. Additionally, aesthetics can influence the resolution of a trauma narrative, utilizing specific visual or narrative elements to contribute to a sense of catharsis or closure for both the characters and the audience, providing a pathway towards healing and recovery. In summary, aesthetics serve as a crucial lens through which trauma narratives are presented and experienced, enabling creators to enhance their depth, emotional resonance, and impact, fostering a greater understanding and empathy for the complex nature of trauma through thoughtful and intentional artistic choices.

In the context of Amitav Ghosh's novels, the discussion of postcolonial historic aporia becomes significant, especially given Ghosh's aversion to the term "postcolonial" which tends to portray the aftermath of colonialism in a negative light. Ghosh expresses his dissatisfaction with this characterization, stating, ". . . when I think of the world that I grew up to inhabit, my dominant memory of it is not that it was trying to be a successor state to a colony; it was trying to create its own reality, which today is the reality that we do inhabit" (Kumar 105).

This perspective reflects Ghosh's inclination to focus on the efforts of postcolonial societies in shaping their distinct realities rather than being defined solely in opposition to their colonial past. Ghosh's novels, influenced by this viewpoint, illustrate the complexities of postcolonial experiences through the aesthetics of storytelling. Within his narrative framework, he employs symbolism, metaphor, and narrative structure to delve into the intricacies of trauma. Through these aesthetic choices, Ghosh offers a nuanced exploration of the psychological and emotional dimensions of characters' traumatic experiences, challenging conventional postcolonial narratives that tend to emphasize negativity. Ghosh's deliberate use of visual representation, sound, and literary devices in portraying trauma further underscores his commitment to presenting a multifaceted understanding of postcolonial realities. Consequently, his intentional and thoughtful aesthetic choices serve as a critical lens through which postcolonial trauma narratives are depicted, fostering a richer appreciation for the intricate nature of these stories and the diverse realities they represent.

THE LOST WAX TECHNIQUE OF DOKRA ART: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON BIKNA VILLAGE OF DISTRICT BANKURA, WEST BENGAL

Sayantan Das — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Among the famous artistic works of Bankura District of West Bengal, Dokra (also known as Dhokra) is an age old traditional non-ferrous metal art of Indian Subcontinent. The term ‘ ‘Dokra’’ generally describes a group of craftsmen, nomadic in nature who spread over the different states i.e. Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and West Bengal. Dokra is characterized by its simple and primitive figurines on folk themes, variety of beautifully decorated deities and animal structures. The evidences of Dokra non-ferrous metal crafts trace back to the Harappan Civilization almost 4600 years ago. The dancing girl of Harappan Civilization is an ideal example of Dokra non-ferrous metal casting. This paper is mainly focused on the traditional lost-wax technique (Cire perdue in French) of Dokra metal art of Bikna village of District Bankura still practiced at present. Delighted to say, Dokra art from West Bengal has gained the Geological Indication (GI) Tag in the year of 2018. The present study is qualitative in nature and based on empirical research work on Bikna village involving interviews, oral history and observations. Both primary and secondary data sources were used to accomplish the work.

THE ASTONISHING BEAUTY OF CHHAU MASK: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON THE TRADITIONAL FOLK ART OF CHARIDA VILLAGE OF PURULIA DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL

Sayantan Das — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Bengal, a land of beauty and prosperity in its cultural ancestry. The tradition is enriched by diverse folk art of various tribes and ethnic groups creating the uniqueness. Music, dance have great importance for recreational, aesthetic and cultural aspect of the state. The cultural background, social value and structure, history, religion and mythological concept are also reflected by the traditional folk art. Different types of folk art are found in West Bengal. Among them, Patachitra and Madhubani are respectively the traditional style of painting, characterized by their mythological stories and intricate designs. The other folk arts with great traditional significance are the embroidery art locally called, Kantha and metal casting technique based Dokra. The Chhau Mask making art is one of them important traditional folk art, essential for the age old Chhau dance. The present paper is empirical and qualitative in nature, mainly focused on the traditional folk art of Chhau Mask, an integral part of Chhau dance, of Charida village, its making procedure and people associated with the mask making economy.

HYDROLOGICAL IMPACT OF LAND USE AND LAND COVER CHANGE IN THE UPPER GODAVARI BASIN, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

J. C. Patil, S. T. Wanjari, H. S. Chaudhari, A. C. Kalel, V. R. Saraf — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines how changes in land use in the Upper Godavari River Basin of India affect hydrology. The ArcView Interface of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (AVSWAT2000) was utilized to figure out the alteration in land use. With the LANDSAT data that was accessible in ArcMap, landcover maps for the years 2003, 2013, and 2023 were created. The WRIS portal, sourcing ground water level data for 2003, 2013, and 2023 as well as the river point data for 2003 to 2013 by CADA, Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar formed the linking components. According to the study, there was a discernible growth in the areas of other basin components during these three decades, whereas there was a notable decline in the scrubland area (89.59%). In addition, a decrease in ground water levels was observed along with an increase in river discharge. Increased urbanization in the river basin was the main factor causing discharge to rise and ground water levels to fall at the sub-basinal scale. According to these findings, the SWAT model seemed to be a helpful tool for identifying LULC changes so that the relationship between LULC, river discharge, and ground water levels may be better understood.

COMMENTS ON THE EPIC: SHARANUBASAVA: THE SCION OF MAHADASOA

Dr. Chidambar Patil — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

COMMENTS ON THE EPIC: SHARANUBASAVA: THE SCION OF MAHADASOA

URBANIZATION AND SOCIAL CRIME: A STUDY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF THE MANIPUR CENTRAL VALLEY

Khwairakpam Shreeraj Singh, Th. Nabakumar Singh — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Geography is concerned to provide accurate, orderly, and rational description and interpretation of the earth's surface. The study of population dynamics and its impact on social crime is crucial for understanding regional development and planning. The present study examines the dynamics of population growth, urbanization, and social crime in Manipur's Central Valley. Utilizing, the data from the primary and secondary sources (such: NCRB, Superintendent of Police, Manipur central Valley, and Census of India). The research adopts technique, such as Decadal Growth method, Principal component Analysis. Over a 70-year period from 1951 to 2021, the region witnessed a consistent rise in population, growing from 3,87,523 to 18,77,416. Despite this growth, the pace has decelerated, reflecting a shift from high to moderate growth rates due to factors such as birth rates, mortality rates, and migration patterns. Urban population data from the 2011 Census reveals significant regional disparities, with Imphal West being the most urbanized and Bishnupur the least. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of social crime data identifies three key patterns: "Anomie Violence," "Marginalized Deviance," and "Economic Strain Deviance," each associated with different regions and types of crime. A comparison of social crime patterns with urban population sizes highlights varying correlations, suggesting complex interactions between demographic changes and crime rates. This analysis underscores the need for targeted urban planning and crime prevention strategies in response to evolving socio-economic dimensions.

BIOGEOGRAPHY AND INVASION BIOLOGY- A THEORETICAL STUDY

Sreenivas AV — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Biogeography is a 19th-century discipline of geography that analyses the spatial distribution of creatures such as plants and animals. Biogeography is the scientific study, description, and documentation of the distribution and spread of species around the globe, as well as their environmental variables. Since, Invasion Invading species biology is one of the more recently created fields of biology that deals with the problem of invasive species. The phrase "invasive species" refers to plant and animal species that have been brought to new geographies and ecosystems and compete fiercely with native species that are infringing on their ecological area. They acquire and use space, soil, sunlight, nourishment, and other natural resources disproportionately, depriving native species of all available resources. They reproduce quickly and consistently, replacing native creatures. There has been transportation of species, consciously or unknowingly, since the geographical voyages, mainly during the 17th and 19th centuries. Many animals and birds migrate as a natural part of their life cycle, driven by physiological needs and environmental changes. This natural migration is not a factor in species introduction, which is mostly due to human activity.

One of the major causes of biodiversity loss is biological invasions. As biological invasion threats grow, identifying high-vulnerability locations is becoming increasingly important. Biological invasions continue to have a significant negative influence on the environment and the economy. It's vital to understand why some introduced species become invasive before they can be managed. The ecology and physiology of the species in the invaded range have been studied in order to determine the processes underlying invasion success. However, a rising corpus of research highlighting insights derived from investigating invasion success as a biogeographic issue is highlighting the use of biogeographic techniques. Invaders have the ability to drastically alter the species composition and function of native ecosystems through competition, predation, and habitat disruption. Biological invasions have a significant economic impact on the world economy, with annual costs in the United States alone estimated at over $100 billion. Invasions occur when organisms are introduced outside of their native or historic range, either purposefully or unintentionally, and then spread effectively in their new surroundings. Exotic species, which include cattle, crops, and garden plants, are any species that isn't native to a specific location. Biological invaders are non-native creatures that spread outside of an ecosystem dominated by humans. The distinguishing characteristics of invasions, such as some marine species, plant species, and animals, are some remarkable instances. In addition, we document the biogeographic distribution of invasive species, as well as the diversity of species, habitats, and climate zones studied. A fact study and prediction analysis of key records and data related to our research aim were included in our research, which let us come to a decision on the obstacles, potential difficulties and future prospects of "Biogeography and Invasion Biology- A Theoretical Study."

ग्रामीण क्षेत्र में महिला नेतृत्व विकास में स्वयं सहायता समूह की भूमिका

डॉ. विनीता गौतम — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

विश्व की आधी आबादी महिलाओं की है। फिर भी महिलाएं पुरुषों की तुलना में अधिक गरीब और वंचित हैं क्योंकि उन्हें सामाजिक-आर्थिक और सांस्कृतिक बाधाओं का सामना करना पड़ता है। समाज में उनकी भूमिका अपरिहार्य है। लेकिन वे अपने मूल अधिकारों से वंचित हैं। घरेलू हिंसा, आर्थिक और शैक्षणिक भेदभाव, प्रजनन स्वास्थ्य असमानताएं और हानिकारक पारंपरिक प्रथाएं समाज में असमानता का सबसे व्यापक और स्थायी रूप बनी हुई हैं। इसलिए उन्हें सशक्त बनाने की आवश्यकता महसूस की जाती है। ग्रामीण और पिछड़े क्षेत्रों में स्थिति अधिक गंभीर है। गरीबी उन्मूलन, आर्थिक विकास को बढ़ाने और बेहतर जीवन स्तर के लिए महिला विकास गतिविधियों को महत्व दिया जाना चाहिए। स्वयं सहायता समूह नामक अवधारणा का विकास महिलाओं को सशक्त बनाने के लिए सरकारों के लिए अंधेरे में आशा की किरण है। इसमें महिलाओं की कई समस्याओं का समाधान करने की क्षमता है, जिनका सामना वे अशक्तता के कारण कर रही हैं और वास्तव में उनके जीवन में काफी बदलाव ला सकती हैं। अध्ययन से पता चलता है कि स्वयं सहायता समूह केवल एक माइक्रो-क्रेडिट नहीं है, यह एक सशक्तिकरण प्रक्रिया है, जो ग्रामीण महिलाओं में नेतृत्व क्षमता को विकसित कर समाजिक और राजनीतिक जीवन में निर्णय लेने की प्रक्रिया में उनकी सहभागिता को सुनिष्चत करता है।

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SIDDHA HERBAL PREPARATION- KATRALAIYATHI THYLAM

M. Dharani, C. Shanmuga Priya, A. Satheesh Kumar — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In our daily lives, we come into contact with several diseases that have an impact on human health.Stomatitis is a disease that can afflict anyone from newborns to the elderly.This can be caused by a number of things, such as poor dental hygiene, allergies, infections, or drug use, as well as systemic diseases.This oral disease is rather common.20% frequency in the general population has been reported.There is also a cluster of oral ulcers, which are typically on the inside of the lip. The symptoms of stomatitis include ulcers, redness, swelling, and intermittent bleeding from the affected area.Immunocompromised persons are susceptible to it easily.In the treatment of Akkaram, katralaiyathi thylam is essential medication under test. The multiherbal formulation KATRALAIYATI THYLAM is referenced on page 66 of the Siddha text “Theraiyar Anthathi.” Stomatitis is treatable.The oil of this formulation was subjected to Physicochemical study and Phytochemical analysis

MATHEMATICS ANXIETY AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN KOHIMA TOWN, NAGALAND

Mr. Tepusa Kiso — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Every learner needs the basic knowledge of Mathematics to live a fulfilling and contented life. Due to its wide applicability in one’s daily life and in varied fields of knowledge, Mathematics is considered as one of the major and compulsory subject in the school curriculum. Despite, Mathematics being a significant subject in the school curriculum, it is considered the most dreaded subject by learners. Secondary school students appear board exams and Mathematics being one of the major subject makes them more anxious towards the subject. Thus, the present study is aimed at finding the Mathematics Anxiety level of secondary school students with respect to Gender, Type of Management and Class Level. The study was conducted on a sample size of 380 secondary school students. The result of the study revealed that there was no significant difference in the level of Mathematics anxiety between male and female; Private and Government; and class 9 and class 10 students. The study also revealed that the majority of the secondary school students had an average level of Mathematics anxiety.

EFFECT OF BRISK WALKING ON THE PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FITNESS OF THE INACTIVE ADULTS

Dr. Umesh Rathi — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Modern technology has made life style luxurious and hence people are addicted to it, many old days’ chores are performed very easily with the help of machines and technological advancement hence it has affected everyone’s life making us inactive up to certain extent. In ancient time man was doing all his work using his own bodily powers. He was walking long distances to get the thing as well as do all his work physically which was keeping all the people healthy. Effect of brisk walking on the Physical fitness and Physiological fitness of the inactive adults.

Methodology of the study 100 adult were divided into two groups of in to five groups in each group there will be only 50 inactive male adults each one. The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of brisk walking on the Physical and Physiological fitness of the inactive adults.

With the help of physical work the people can maintain their health and fitness, but inactive life style decreases the fitness and the health is jeopardized. The process of aging of the working parts of the body is perfectly natural. Walking is the most efficient form of exercise and the only one that a person can safely follow for a lifetime. Walking gives a feeling of muscular strength by toning major muscles. Walking counteracts feelings of fatigue. Walking improves circulations by

RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES OF NORTH EAST INDIA: A STUDY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BUDDHISM

Dr. Bikash Bhargab Sarma, Shri Satyajit Kalita — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The mountainous area of north-east India has borders with Bangladesh, China, Bhutan, and Myanmar. The Brahmaputra Valley in this area is connected to the Indian mainland through a tiny channel. In the plains and hills of India's North East reside several ethnic groups with various socio-cultural and religious identities. Tribal faiths such as Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Shaktism, Jainism, Buddhism, Tantrism, and more have all thrived here throughout history. As seen by the exquisitely painted Buddhist monasteries, stupas, and other tiny Buddhist structures, as well as the regional arts and crafts, rituals, festivals, and dances, Buddhism has played a distinctive role in the religious culture of north-east India. Buddhism is still actively practiced in a number of localities. The major goal of this research paper is to examine the religious practices and beliefs of north-eastern India, with special reference to Buddhism. The goal of the current study is to investigate the theoretical underpinnings of comprehending Buddhism from a religious perspective and analyse the theoretical foundation for the study of its religious beliefs and practices in North-East India.

FLOOD INUNDATION MAPPING OF GODAVARI RIVER BY USING 2D HEC-RAS MODEL

Tejaswini More, Dhanashri Patil, Rakhi Parpiyani, Rutuja Pardeshi, Vidya Saraf — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Due to increasing urbanization, there are various drastic changes taking place in environment these changes are hazardous for human being as well as animal and environment. Effect of environmental degradation can create environmental issues such as flood, drought etc. Out of this flood is the most common and disastrous hazard in the world. Present study utilizes 2D Unsteady flow modelling for flood inundation mapping in the lower Godavari basin for a reach length of 70 km from Sambaigudem in Telanagana district of Ramanujavaram to Damaracherla in Andhra Pradesh district of Nalgonda. For analysis of this 2D flow modelling and inundation mapping 30m resolution DEM is used. From ancient time majority of cities are developed near or on the banks of the river and these cities were affected due to flood during rainy season or due to the high intensity rainfall. As India is among the most vulnerable to flooding because of its geographical features. Therefore, this study is performed to analyze the flood plain and the extent of the affected areas present on or near the bank of Godavari River and provide mitigation measures for it.

AWARENESS ON MENTAL HEALTH AMONG THE STUDENTS OF HIGHER SECONDARY LEVEL: A STUDY

Dr. Subhadra Das Baro — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In formal educational system the most important stage of education is the secondary stage. Especially the higher secondary stage can be considered as the gateway of building a better career in the life of any student. All students of this stage feel pressure in their study for securing good marks in the exam. Moreover they feel anxiety as well as stress because of preparing themselves for entrance exams. Apart from these there are so many students which use to face several problems, like- poverty, lack of transportation, gender disparity, parent’s illiteracy, natural calamities and superstitions and so on. So it is very difficult to adjust with these kind of situations along with their heavy pressure of study. Sometime the students of secondary level cannot cope up with such type of overloaded situations. Therefore it is very important to keep their mental health in a sound position so that they can tackle their problems and perform their duties properly. They should know about their mental health problems and they should be aware about the importance of mental health. Especially the students of secondary level need to know the various means of development of their mental health. The present study is aimed at creating awareness about the need and importance of mental health among the students. The objectives are-1. To study the problems of mental health of the students. 2. To study the awareness towards mental health among the students. 3. To study the difference between boy and girl students in mental health awareness.

HOW EQUATED MONTHLY INSTALMENT (EMI) SCHEMES AND BUY NOW, PAY LATER (BNPL) SERVICES FUEL IMPULSIVE BUYING: A CLOSER LOOK AT CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR

Abdul Razack K P, Dr. Jayarajan T K — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

An Equated Monthly Instalment (EMI) is a fixed payment amount made by a borrower to a lender at a specified date each calendar month. The EMI consists of both the principal amount and the interest on the loan, which is spread over a predetermined period. EMIs are commonly used in home loans, personal loans, and auto loans, where the borrower repays the loan in regular instalments over time. Credit card companies typically offer this facility, but nowadays, it is also available with debit cards. Many banks are now providing a pre-approved credit limit for their debit card holders as well. BNPL stands for "Buy Now, Pay Later". It is a payment option that allows consumers to purchase goods and services and pay for them later, typically with no interest or fees. BNPL schemes offer customers the convenience of paying for purchases over time, without needing a credit card or traditional loan. This payment option has become increasingly popular among consumers, particularly among younger generations, to manage their finances and make larger purchases more affordable. However, it also has potential drawbacks, such as higher spending and risks of missed payments, that should be considered before utilizing this payment option. The objective of this study is to examine the factors that motivate consumers to choose EMI schemes and BNPL services as payment options, and to evaluate their perceived advantages and the risks associated with them. The study primarily relied on primary data collected from 100 samples using convenient sampling, along with secondary sources such as published research reports on BNPL.

COMPARISON OF THE PERCEPTION OF THE TEACHERS OF HINDI AND ENGLISH MEDIUM SECONDARY SCHOOL TOWARDS DECISION MAKING STYLE PREFRENCES OF THEIR PRINCIPALS

Dr. S. C. Bahuguna — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

COMPARISON OF THE PERCEPTION OF THE TEACHERS OF HINDI AND ENGLISH MEDIUM SECONDARY SCHOOL TOWARDS DECISION MAKING STYLE PREFRENCES OF THEIR PRINCIPALS

FROM ALIENATION TO COMMUNITY: ARUN JOSHI'S THE FOREIGNER

Dr. Shashi Diwan — Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

FROM ALIENATION TO COMMUNITY: ARUN JOSHI'S THE FOREIGNER